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- #1Our Man: Richard Holbrooke and the End of the American Century
- #2The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
- #3FSOT Study Guide Review: Test Prep & Practice Test Questions for the Written Exam & Oral Assessment on the Foreign Service Officer Test
- Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (2nd Edition)
- Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions)
- Against Our Better Judgment: The Hidden History of How the U.S. Was Used to Create Israel
- Bitter Fruit: The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala, Revised and Expanded (Series on Latin American Studies)
- The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World
- 309
- 184
- 48
- #1Our Man: Richard Holbrooke and the End of the American Century
- #2FSOT Study Guide Review: Test Prep & Practice Test Questions for the Written Exam & Oral Assessment on the Foreign Service Officer Test
- #3The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
- Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions)
- Against Our Better Judgment: The Hidden History of How the U.S. Was Used to Create Israel
- Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa
- The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World
- Bitter Fruit: The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala, Revised and Expanded (Series on Latin American Studies)
- 184
- Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (2nd Edition)
- 309
Governing in a Global World
Women in Public Service, 1st Edition
Governing in a Global World captures the panorama of women governing around the world. Even though the modern era marks history’s greatest advancements for women, worldwide they hold fewer than 30 percent of decision-making positions and are often missing from negotiating tables where policies are…
Paperback – 2017-12-05
RoutledgeTerrorism in the Twenty-First Century
8th Edition
Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century helps readers understand terrorism, responses to it, and current trends that affect the future of this phenomenon.Putting terrorism into historical perspective and analyzing it as a form of political violence, this text presents the most essential concepts,…
Paperback – 2017-12-01
RoutledgeIntroduction to Global Politics
3rd Edition
The fully updated third edition of Introduction to Global Politics continues to provide a vital resource for students looking to explain global politics using an historical approach, firmly linking history with the events of today. By integrating theory and political practice at individual, state,…
Paperback – 2017-11-09
RoutledgeEuro-Mediterranean Relations after the Arab Spring
Persistence in Times of Change, 1st Edition
The ’Arab Spring’ triggered paradigmatic shifts but, despite these changes, much in the Euro-Mediterranean region remains the same. Utilising ’Logics of Action’, an innovative theoretical framework designed to capture the complexity of political interaction in one of the fastest changing regions in…
Paperback – 2017-10-27
RoutledgePresidents and Democracy in Latin America
1st Edition
This new textbook provides students with a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the presidents and presidential leadership in Latin America. Unlike other texts, Presidents and Democracy in Latin America integrates both political analysis and major theoretical perspectives with extensive…
Paperback – 2017-09-19
RoutledgeNew Approaches to Latin American Studies
Culture and Power, 1st Edition
Academic and research fields are moved by fads, waves, revolutionaries, paradigm shifts, and turns. They all imply a certain degree of change that alters the conditions of a stable system, producing an imbalance that needs to be addressed by the field itself.New Approaches to Latin American…
Paperback – 2017-09-18
RoutledgeGlobal Governance and China
The Dragon’s Learning Curve, 1st Edition
This volume offers systematic analysis of China’s growing engagement in global governance institutions over the past three decades. During this period, China has gone from outsider to observer to insider. The volume is based on studies of Chinese involvement in a wide cross section of regimes,…
Paperback – 2017-09-13
Routledge
Global InstitutionsDemocratic Latin America
2nd Edition
This much-expanded and updated second edition of Democratic Latin America takes an institutional approach to Latin American politics to discuss contemporary politics and to highlight how past politics have shaped current institutional designs. It draws explicit connections between certain political…
Paperback – 2017-08-31
RoutledgeContemporary Just War
Theory and Practice, 1st Edition
This book offers a renewed defense of traditional just war theory and considers its application to certain contemporary cases, particularly in the Middle East. The first part of the book addresses and responds to the central theoretical criticisms levelled at traditional just war theory. It offers…
Paperback – 2017-08-31
Routledge
War, Conflict and EthicsPolitics Latin America
3rd Edition
Politics Latin America examines the role of Latin America in the world and its importance to the study of politics with particular emphasis on the institutions and processes that exist to guarantee democracy and the forces that threaten to compromise it.Now in its third edition and fully revised…
Paperback – 2017-08-22
RoutledgeContemporary Left Antisemitism
1st Edition
Today’s antisemitism is difficult to recognize because it does not come dressed in a Nazi uniform and it does not openly proclaim its hatred or fear of Jews. This book looks at the kind of antisemitism which is tolerated or which goes unacknowledged in apparently democratic spaces: trade unions,…
Paperback – 2017-08-07
RoutledgeThe Other World
Issues and Politics in the Developing World, 10th Edition
The Other World combines a thematic and area studies approach to explore contemporary global issues in the developing world. Accessible and interdisciplinary, this text offers political, economic, social, and historical analysis plus case studies on Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and…
Paperback – 2017-08-02
RoutledgeMillennium Development Goals
Ideas, Interests and Influence, 1st Edition
Heralded as a success that mobilized support for development, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ushered in an era of setting development agendas by setting global goals. This book critically evaluates the MDG experience from the capabilities and human rights perspectives, and questions the…
Paperback – 2017-06-12
Routledge
Global InstitutionsThe Art of World-Making
Nicholas Greenwood Onuf and his Critics, 1st Edition
On its face, The Art of World-Making focuses on honouring the career of Nicholas Greenwood Onuf and his contributions to the study of international relations; of equal importance, however, while using Onuf’s work as their touchstone, the contributions to this volume range widely across IR theory,…
Paperback – 2017-05-23
RoutledgeSustainable Development Goals and UN Goal-Setting
1st Edition
This book explores the record of the UN development system (UNDS) over more than 70 years as a fount of ideas and concepts in development; as a contributor to development thinking and strategy; and as the principal source of global development goals from the first UN Development Decade to the SDGs.…
Paperback – 2017-04-13
Routledge
Global InstitutionsConflict After the Cold War
Arguments on Causes of War and Peace, 5th Edition
Edited by one of the most renowned scholars in the field, Richard Betts' Conflict After the Cold War assembles classic and contemporary readings on enduring problems of international security. Offering broad historical and philosophical breadth, the carefully chosen and excerpted selections in this…
Paperback – 2017-04-11
RoutledgeInternational Institutions of the Middle East
The GCC, Arab League, and Arab Maghreb Union, 1st Edition
This volume is a key text for understanding the major regional international organizations of the Middle East. Analysing the Arab League, the Gulf Cooperation Council, and the Arab-Maghreb Union in a concise and accessible format, it explores their successes and failures across their full range of…
Paperback – 2017-03-16
Routledge
Global InstitutionsThe New United Nations
International Organization in the Twenty-First Century, 2nd Edition
With a fresh look at challenges to the UN in Syria, Iran, Russia, and elsewhere, the second edition of this successful text highlights new international trends toward global governance, holistic democracy and human development, and progress on peacebuilding and counterterrorism. A comprehensive…
Paperback – 2017-03-07
RoutledgeObstacles to Peacebuilding
1st Edition
Combining the insights of a seasoned practitioner with the academic rigor of a meticulous policy and risk analyst, del Castillo discusses the major obstacles to peacebuilding that need to be removed before war-torn countries can move towards peace, stability, and prosperity. As Secretary-General…
Paperback – 2017-02-20
Routledge
Global InstitutionsWhat's the Point of International Relations?
1st Edition
What’s the Point of International Relations casts a critical eye on what it is that we think we are doing when we study and teach international relations (IR). It brings together many of IR’s leading thinkers to challenge conventional understandings of the discipline’s origins, history, and…
Paperback – 2017-02-10
RoutledgeDebating U.S.-Cuban Relations
How Should We Now Play Ball?, 2nd Edition
The boundary between Cuba and the United States has become more and more porous, as have those with Latin America and the Caribbean. Never in the past half-century has Cuba’s leadership or its social and political fabric been so exposed to the influence of the outside world. In this book, an…
Paperback – 2017-01-30
Routledge
Contemporary Inter-American RelationsLaw Among Nations
An Introduction to Public International Law, 11th Edition
Offering a more accessible alternative to casebooks and historical commentaries, Law Among Nations explains issues of international law by tracing the field's development and stressing key principles, processes, and landmark cases.This comprehensive text eliminates the need for multiple books by…
Paperback – 2017-01-27
RoutledgeUS Defense Politics
The Origins of Security Policy, 3rd Edition
This book provides an accessible overview of US defense politics for upper-level students. This new edition has been fully updated and revised, with a new chapter on veterans and new material on topics such as cyberwarfare and lobbying. Analyzing the ways in which the United States prepares for…
Paperback – 2017-01-24
RoutledgeHuman Rights and the Dark Side of Globalisation
Transnational law enforcement and migration control, 1st Edition
This edited volume examines the continued viability of international human rights law in the context of growing transnational law enforcement. With states increasingly making use of global governance modes, core exercises of public authority such as migration control, surveillance, detention and…
Paperback – 2016-12-12
Routledge
Routledge Studies in Human RightsInternational and Regional Security
The Causes of War and Peace, 1st Edition
This volume is a collection of the best essays of Professor Benjamin Miller on the subjects of international and regional security.The book analyses the interrelationships between international politics and regional and national security, with a special focus on the sources of international…
Paperback – 2016-11-09
Routledge
Routledge Global Security StudiesRole Theory and Role Conflict in U.S.-Iran Relations
Enemies of Our Own Making, 1st Edition
U.S.-Iran relations continue to be an international security problem in the Middle East. These two countries could have been friends, but instead they have become enemies. Stating this thesis raises the following questions: Why are the United States and Iran enemies? How and when did this…
Paperback – 2016-10-21
Routledge
Role Theory and International RelationsForeign Policy Analysis
New approaches, 2nd Edition
Building on the success of the first edition, this revised volume re-invigorates the conversation between foreign policy analysis and international relations. It opens up the discussion, situating existing debates in foreign policy in relation to contemporary concerns in international relations,…
Paperback – 2016-09-28
RoutledgeInternational Political Sociology
Transversal Lines, 1st Edition
This book presents an overview and evaluation of contemporary research in international political sociology (IPS). Bringing together leading scholars from many disciplines and diverse geographical backgrounds, it provides unprecedented coverage of the key concepts and research through which IPS has…
Paperback – 2016-07-22
Routledge
Routledge Studies in International Political SociologyThe International in Security, Security in the International
1st Edition
International Relations continues to come under fire for its relative absence of international perspectives. In this exciting new volume, Pinar Bilgin encourages readers to consider both why and how ‘non-core’ geocultural sites allow us to think differently about key aspects of global politics.…
Paperback – 2016-07-22
Routledge
Worlding Beyond the WestForeign Policy: Thinking Outside the Box
1st Edition
This collection of essays by renowned scholar Amitai Etzioni aims to provoke reconsiderations of basic assumptions of foreign policy by students, academics and practitioners. With chapters focusing on the Middle East, China and the EU, as well as articles with a more global focus, the book offers…
Paperback – 2016-06-28
Routledge
InsightsGlocalization
A Critical Introduction, 1st Edition
This book seeks to provide a critical introduction to the under-theorized concept of Glocalization. While the term has been slowly diffused into social-scientific vocabulary, to date, there is no book in circulation that specifically discusses this concept. Historically theorists have intertwined…
Paperback – 2016-06-23
Routledge
Routledge Studies in Global and Transnational PoliticsDomestic Role Contestation, Foreign Policy, and International Relations
1st Edition
Despite the increase in the number of studies in international relations using concepts from a role theory perspective, scholarship continues to assume that a state’s own expectations of what role it should play on the world stage is shared among domestic political actors.Cristian Cantir and…
Paperback – 2016-05-12
Routledge
Role Theory and International RelationsAn Introduction to African Politics
4th Edition
The fourth edition of An Introduction to African Politics is an ideal textbook for those new to the study of this fascinating continent. It gets to the heart of the politics of this part of the world. How is modern Africa still influenced by its colonial past? How do strong ethnic and religious…
Paperback – 2016-04-22
RoutledgeThe Right in Latin America
Elite Power, Hegemony and the Struggle for the State, 1st Edition
Most current analysis on Latin American politics has been directed at examining the shift to the left in the region. Very little attention, however, has been paid to the reactions of the right to this phenomenon. What kind of discursive, policy, and strategic responses have emerged among the right…
Paperback – 2016-04-21
RoutledgeUN Peacebuilding Architecture
The First 10 Years, 1st Edition
Since its establishment, the UN's Peacebuilding Architecture (PBA) has been involved in peacebuilding processes in more than 20 countries. This edited volume takes stock of the overall impact of the PBA during its first decade in existence, and generates innovative recommendations for how the…
Paperback – 2016-04-12
Routledge
Global InstitutionsDisplacement, Development, and Climate Change
International organizations moving beyond their mandates, 1st Edition
This book focuses on one critical challenge: climate change. Climate change is predicted to lead to an increased intensity and frequency of natural disasters. An increase in extreme weather events, global temperatures and higher sea levels may lead to displacement and migration, and will affect…
Paperback – 2016-04-04
Routledge
Global InstitutionsContemporary U.S.-Latin American Relations
Cooperation or Conflict in the 21st Century?, 2nd Edition
Drawing on the research and experience of fifteen internationally recognized Latin America scholars, this insightful text presents an overview of inter-American relations during the first two decades of the twenty-first century. This unique collection identifies broad changes in the international…
Paperback – 2016-03-17
Routledge
Contemporary Inter-American RelationsThe New Islamic State
Ideology, Religion and Violent Extremism in the 21st Century, 1st Edition
The rise of the Islamic State has dramatically forced a recalculation of political order and security in the Persian Gulf and broader Greater Middle East by the United States and its allies and adversaries, including, most notably, Iran, Israel and Saudi Arabia. Since the Arab Spring of 2011, the…
Paperback – 2016-02-28
RoutledgeLatin America and the Caribbean in the Global Context
Why care about the Americas?, 1st Edition
Current perspectives on Latin America’s role in the world tend to focus on one question: Why is Latin America always falling behind? Analysts and scholars offer answers grounded in history, economic underdevelopment, or democratic consolidation. Bagley and Horwitz, however, shift the central…
Paperback – 2016-02-10
RoutledgeHuman Development and Global Institutions
Evolution, Impact, Reform, 1st Edition
This book provides a timely and accessible introduction to the foundational ideas associated with the human development school of thought. It examines its conceptual evolution during the post-colonial era, and discusses how various institutions of the UN system have tried to engage with this issue,…
Paperback – 2016-02-09
Routledge
Global InstitutionsCritical Imaginations in International Relations
1st Edition
This exciting new text brings together in one volume an overview of the many reflections on how we might address the problems and limitations of a state-centred approach in the discipline of International Relations (IR). The book is structured into chapters on key concepts, with each providing an…
Paperback – 2016-02-04
Routledge
Interventions
Governing in a Global World
Women in Public Service, 1st Edition
Governing in a Global World captures the panorama of women governing around the world. Even though the modern era marks history’s greatest advancements for women, worldwide they hold fewer than 30 percent of decision-making positions and are often missing from negotiating tables where policies are…
Paperback – 2017-12-05
RoutledgeTerrorism in the Twenty-First Century
8th Edition
Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century helps readers understand terrorism, responses to it, and current trends that affect the future of this phenomenon.Putting terrorism into historical perspective and analyzing it as a form of political violence, this text presents the most essential concepts,…
Paperback – 2017-12-01
RoutledgeIntroduction to Global Politics
3rd Edition
The fully updated third edition of Introduction to Global Politics continues to provide a vital resource for students looking to explain global politics using an historical approach, firmly linking history with the events of today. By integrating theory and political practice at individual, state,…
Paperback – 2017-11-09
RoutledgeEuro-Mediterranean Relations after the Arab Spring
Persistence in Times of Change, 1st Edition
The ’Arab Spring’ triggered paradigmatic shifts but, despite these changes, much in the Euro-Mediterranean region remains the same. Utilising ’Logics of Action’, an innovative theoretical framework designed to capture the complexity of political interaction in one of the fastest changing regions in…
Paperback – 2017-10-27
RoutledgePresidents and Democracy in Latin America
1st Edition
This new textbook provides students with a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the presidents and presidential leadership in Latin America. Unlike other texts, Presidents and Democracy in Latin America integrates both political analysis and major theoretical perspectives with extensive…
Paperback – 2017-09-19
RoutledgeNew Approaches to Latin American Studies
Culture and Power, 1st Edition
Academic and research fields are moved by fads, waves, revolutionaries, paradigm shifts, and turns. They all imply a certain degree of change that alters the conditions of a stable system, producing an imbalance that needs to be addressed by the field itself.New Approaches to Latin American…
Paperback – 2017-09-18
RoutledgeGlobal Governance and China
The Dragon’s Learning Curve, 1st Edition
This volume offers systematic analysis of China’s growing engagement in global governance institutions over the past three decades. During this period, China has gone from outsider to observer to insider. The volume is based on studies of Chinese involvement in a wide cross section of regimes,…
Paperback – 2017-09-13
Routledge
Global InstitutionsDemocratic Latin America
2nd Edition
This much-expanded and updated second edition of Democratic Latin America takes an institutional approach to Latin American politics to discuss contemporary politics and to highlight how past politics have shaped current institutional designs. It draws explicit connections between certain political…
Paperback – 2017-08-31
RoutledgeContemporary Just War
Theory and Practice, 1st Edition
This book offers a renewed defense of traditional just war theory and considers its application to certain contemporary cases, particularly in the Middle East. The first part of the book addresses and responds to the central theoretical criticisms levelled at traditional just war theory. It offers…
Paperback – 2017-08-31
Routledge
War, Conflict and EthicsPolitics Latin America
3rd Edition
Politics Latin America examines the role of Latin America in the world and its importance to the study of politics with particular emphasis on the institutions and processes that exist to guarantee democracy and the forces that threaten to compromise it.Now in its third edition and fully revised…
Paperback – 2017-08-22
RoutledgeContemporary Left Antisemitism
1st Edition
Today’s antisemitism is difficult to recognize because it does not come dressed in a Nazi uniform and it does not openly proclaim its hatred or fear of Jews. This book looks at the kind of antisemitism which is tolerated or which goes unacknowledged in apparently democratic spaces: trade unions,…
Paperback – 2017-08-07
RoutledgeThe Other World
Issues and Politics in the Developing World, 10th Edition
The Other World combines a thematic and area studies approach to explore contemporary global issues in the developing world. Accessible and interdisciplinary, this text offers political, economic, social, and historical analysis plus case studies on Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and…
Paperback – 2017-08-02
RoutledgeMillennium Development Goals
Ideas, Interests and Influence, 1st Edition
Heralded as a success that mobilized support for development, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ushered in an era of setting development agendas by setting global goals. This book critically evaluates the MDG experience from the capabilities and human rights perspectives, and questions the…
Paperback – 2017-06-12
Routledge
Global InstitutionsThe Art of World-Making
Nicholas Greenwood Onuf and his Critics, 1st Edition
On its face, The Art of World-Making focuses on honouring the career of Nicholas Greenwood Onuf and his contributions to the study of international relations; of equal importance, however, while using Onuf’s work as their touchstone, the contributions to this volume range widely across IR theory,…
Paperback – 2017-05-23
RoutledgeSustainable Development Goals and UN Goal-Setting
1st Edition
This book explores the record of the UN development system (UNDS) over more than 70 years as a fount of ideas and concepts in development; as a contributor to development thinking and strategy; and as the principal source of global development goals from the first UN Development Decade to the SDGs.…
Paperback – 2017-04-13
Routledge
Global InstitutionsConflict After the Cold War
Arguments on Causes of War and Peace, 5th Edition
Edited by one of the most renowned scholars in the field, Richard Betts' Conflict After the Cold War assembles classic and contemporary readings on enduring problems of international security. Offering broad historical and philosophical breadth, the carefully chosen and excerpted selections in this…
Paperback – 2017-04-11
RoutledgeInternational Institutions of the Middle East
The GCC, Arab League, and Arab Maghreb Union, 1st Edition
This volume is a key text for understanding the major regional international organizations of the Middle East. Analysing the Arab League, the Gulf Cooperation Council, and the Arab-Maghreb Union in a concise and accessible format, it explores their successes and failures across their full range of…
Paperback – 2017-03-16
Routledge
Global InstitutionsThe New United Nations
International Organization in the Twenty-First Century, 2nd Edition
With a fresh look at challenges to the UN in Syria, Iran, Russia, and elsewhere, the second edition of this successful text highlights new international trends toward global governance, holistic democracy and human development, and progress on peacebuilding and counterterrorism. A comprehensive…
Paperback – 2017-03-07
RoutledgeObstacles to Peacebuilding
1st Edition
Combining the insights of a seasoned practitioner with the academic rigor of a meticulous policy and risk analyst, del Castillo discusses the major obstacles to peacebuilding that need to be removed before war-torn countries can move towards peace, stability, and prosperity. As Secretary-General…
Paperback – 2017-02-20
Routledge
Global InstitutionsWhat's the Point of International Relations?
1st Edition
What’s the Point of International Relations casts a critical eye on what it is that we think we are doing when we study and teach international relations (IR). It brings together many of IR’s leading thinkers to challenge conventional understandings of the discipline’s origins, history, and…
Paperback – 2017-02-10
RoutledgeDebating U.S.-Cuban Relations
How Should We Now Play Ball?, 2nd Edition
The boundary between Cuba and the United States has become more and more porous, as have those with Latin America and the Caribbean. Never in the past half-century has Cuba’s leadership or its social and political fabric been so exposed to the influence of the outside world. In this book, an…
Paperback – 2017-01-30
Routledge
Contemporary Inter-American RelationsLaw Among Nations
An Introduction to Public International Law, 11th Edition
Offering a more accessible alternative to casebooks and historical commentaries, Law Among Nations explains issues of international law by tracing the field's development and stressing key principles, processes, and landmark cases.This comprehensive text eliminates the need for multiple books by…
Paperback – 2017-01-27
RoutledgeUS Defense Politics
The Origins of Security Policy, 3rd Edition
This book provides an accessible overview of US defense politics for upper-level students. This new edition has been fully updated and revised, with a new chapter on veterans and new material on topics such as cyberwarfare and lobbying. Analyzing the ways in which the United States prepares for…
Paperback – 2017-01-24
RoutledgeHuman Rights and the Dark Side of Globalisation
Transnational law enforcement and migration control, 1st Edition
This edited volume examines the continued viability of international human rights law in the context of growing transnational law enforcement. With states increasingly making use of global governance modes, core exercises of public authority such as migration control, surveillance, detention and…
Paperback – 2016-12-12
Routledge
Routledge Studies in Human RightsInternational and Regional Security
The Causes of War and Peace, 1st Edition
This volume is a collection of the best essays of Professor Benjamin Miller on the subjects of international and regional security.The book analyses the interrelationships between international politics and regional and national security, with a special focus on the sources of international…
Paperback – 2016-11-09
Routledge
Routledge Global Security StudiesRole Theory and Role Conflict in U.S.-Iran Relations
Enemies of Our Own Making, 1st Edition
U.S.-Iran relations continue to be an international security problem in the Middle East. These two countries could have been friends, but instead they have become enemies. Stating this thesis raises the following questions: Why are the United States and Iran enemies? How and when did this…
Paperback – 2016-10-21
Routledge
Role Theory and International RelationsForeign Policy Analysis
New approaches, 2nd Edition
Building on the success of the first edition, this revised volume re-invigorates the conversation between foreign policy analysis and international relations. It opens up the discussion, situating existing debates in foreign policy in relation to contemporary concerns in international relations,…
Paperback – 2016-09-28
RoutledgeInternational Political Sociology
Transversal Lines, 1st Edition
This book presents an overview and evaluation of contemporary research in international political sociology (IPS). Bringing together leading scholars from many disciplines and diverse geographical backgrounds, it provides unprecedented coverage of the key concepts and research through which IPS has…
Paperback – 2016-07-22
Routledge
Routledge Studies in International Political SociologyThe International in Security, Security in the International
1st Edition
International Relations continues to come under fire for its relative absence of international perspectives. In this exciting new volume, Pinar Bilgin encourages readers to consider both why and how ‘non-core’ geocultural sites allow us to think differently about key aspects of global politics.…
Paperback – 2016-07-22
Routledge
Worlding Beyond the WestForeign Policy: Thinking Outside the Box
1st Edition
This collection of essays by renowned scholar Amitai Etzioni aims to provoke reconsiderations of basic assumptions of foreign policy by students, academics and practitioners. With chapters focusing on the Middle East, China and the EU, as well as articles with a more global focus, the book offers…
Paperback – 2016-06-28
Routledge
InsightsGlocalization
A Critical Introduction, 1st Edition
This book seeks to provide a critical introduction to the under-theorized concept of Glocalization. While the term has been slowly diffused into social-scientific vocabulary, to date, there is no book in circulation that specifically discusses this concept. Historically theorists have intertwined…
Paperback – 2016-06-23
Routledge
Routledge Studies in Global and Transnational PoliticsDomestic Role Contestation, Foreign Policy, and International Relations
1st Edition
Despite the increase in the number of studies in international relations using concepts from a role theory perspective, scholarship continues to assume that a state’s own expectations of what role it should play on the world stage is shared among domestic political actors.Cristian Cantir and…
Paperback – 2016-05-12
Routledge
Role Theory and International RelationsAn Introduction to African Politics
4th Edition
The fourth edition of An Introduction to African Politics is an ideal textbook for those new to the study of this fascinating continent. It gets to the heart of the politics of this part of the world. How is modern Africa still influenced by its colonial past? How do strong ethnic and religious…
Paperback – 2016-04-22
RoutledgeThe Right in Latin America
Elite Power, Hegemony and the Struggle for the State, 1st Edition
Most current analysis on Latin American politics has been directed at examining the shift to the left in the region. Very little attention, however, has been paid to the reactions of the right to this phenomenon. What kind of discursive, policy, and strategic responses have emerged among the right…
Paperback – 2016-04-21
RoutledgeUN Peacebuilding Architecture
The First 10 Years, 1st Edition
Since its establishment, the UN's Peacebuilding Architecture (PBA) has been involved in peacebuilding processes in more than 20 countries. This edited volume takes stock of the overall impact of the PBA during its first decade in existence, and generates innovative recommendations for how the…
Paperback – 2016-04-12
Routledge
Global InstitutionsDisplacement, Development, and Climate Change
International organizations moving beyond their mandates, 1st Edition
This book focuses on one critical challenge: climate change. Climate change is predicted to lead to an increased intensity and frequency of natural disasters. An increase in extreme weather events, global temperatures and higher sea levels may lead to displacement and migration, and will affect…
Paperback – 2016-04-04
Routledge
Global InstitutionsContemporary U.S.-Latin American Relations
Cooperation or Conflict in the 21st Century?, 2nd Edition
Drawing on the research and experience of fifteen internationally recognized Latin America scholars, this insightful text presents an overview of inter-American relations during the first two decades of the twenty-first century. This unique collection identifies broad changes in the international…
Paperback – 2016-03-17
Routledge
Contemporary Inter-American RelationsThe New Islamic State
Ideology, Religion and Violent Extremism in the 21st Century, 1st Edition
The rise of the Islamic State has dramatically forced a recalculation of political order and security in the Persian Gulf and broader Greater Middle East by the United States and its allies and adversaries, including, most notably, Iran, Israel and Saudi Arabia. Since the Arab Spring of 2011, the…
Paperback – 2016-02-28
RoutledgeLatin America and the Caribbean in the Global Context
Why care about the Americas?, 1st Edition
Current perspectives on Latin America’s role in the world tend to focus on one question: Why is Latin America always falling behind? Analysts and scholars offer answers grounded in history, economic underdevelopment, or democratic consolidation. Bagley and Horwitz, however, shift the central…
Paperback – 2016-02-10
RoutledgeHuman Development and Global Institutions
Evolution, Impact, Reform, 1st Edition
This book provides a timely and accessible introduction to the foundational ideas associated with the human development school of thought. It examines its conceptual evolution during the post-colonial era, and discusses how various institutions of the UN system have tried to engage with this issue,…
Paperback – 2016-02-09
Routledge
Global InstitutionsCritical Imaginations in International Relations
1st Edition
This exciting new text brings together in one volume an overview of the many reflections on how we might address the problems and limitations of a state-centred approach in the discipline of International Relations (IR). The book is structured into chapters on key concepts, with each providing an…
Paperback – 2016-02-04
Routledge
Interventions
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International relations (IR) or international affairs (IA) — commonly also referred to as international studies (IS), global studies (GS), or global affairs (GA) — is the study of interconnectedness of politics, economics and law on a global level. Depending on the academic institution, it is either a field of political science, an interdisciplinary academic field similar to global studies, or an entirely independent academic discipline in which students take a variety of internationally focused courses in social science and humanities disciplines. In all cases, the field studies relationships between political entities (polities) such as sovereign states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), other non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs), and the wider world-systems produced by this interaction. International relations is an academic and a public policy field, and so can be positive and normative, because it analyses and formulates the foreign policy of a given state.
As political activity, international relations dates from the time of the Greek historian Thucydides (c. 460–395 BC), and, in the early 20th century, became a discrete academic field (no. 5901 in the 4-digit UNESCO Nomenclature) within political science. In practice, international relations and international affairs forms a separate academic program or field from political science, and the courses taught therein are highly interdisciplinary.[2]
For example, international relations draws from the fields of politics, economics, international law, communication studies, history, demography, geography, sociology, anthropology, criminology, psychology, and gender studies. The scope of international relations encompasses issues such as globalization, diplomatic relations, state sovereignty, international security, ecologicalsustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, global finance, terrorism, and human rights.
- 1History
- 2Theory
- 2.3Positivist theories
- 2.3.2Liberalism
- 2.4Post-positivist/reflectivist theories
- 2.5Leadership theories
- 2.3Positivist theories
- 3Levels of analysis
- 3.1Systemic level concepts
- 3.1.5Power blocs
- 3.2Unit-level concepts in international relations
- 3.1Systemic level concepts
- 4Institutions in international relations
- 4.1Generalist inter-state organizations
- 4.3International legal bodies
- 7Bibliography
History[edit]
The history of international relations can be traced back to thousands of years ago; Barry Buzan and Richard Little, for example, consider the interaction of ancient Sumerian city-states, starting in 3,500 BC, as the first fully-fledged international system.[3]
The history of international relations based on sovereign states and many more types are often traced back to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, a stepping stone in the development of the modern state system. Prior to this the European medieval organization of political authority was based on a vaguely hierarchical religious order. Contrary to popular belief, Westphalia still embodied layered systems of sovereignty, especially within the Holy Roman Empire.[4] More than the Peace of Westphalia, the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 is thought to reflect an emerging norm that sovereigns had no internal equals within a defined territory and no external superiors as the ultimate authority within the territory's sovereign borders.
The centuries of roughly 1500 to 1789 saw the rise of the independent, sovereign states, the institutionalization of diplomacy and armies. The French Revolution added to this the new idea that not princes or an oligarchy, but the citizenry of a state, defined as the nation, should be defined as sovereign. Such a state in which the nation is sovereign would thence be termed a nation-state (as opposed to a monarchy or a religious state). The term republic increasingly became its synonym. An alternative model of the nation-state was developed in reaction to the French republican concept by the Germans and others, who instead of giving the citizenry sovereignty, kept the princes and nobility, but defined nation-statehood in ethnic-linguistic terms, establishing the rarely if ever fulfilled ideal that all people speaking one language should belong to one state only. The same claim to sovereignty was made for both forms of nation-state. (In Europe today, few states conform to either definition of nation-state: many continue to have royal sovereigns, and hardly any are ethnically homogeneous.)
The particular European system supposing the sovereign equality of states was exported to the Americas, Africa, and Asia via colonialism and the 'standards of civilization'. The contemporary international system was finally established through decolonization during the Cold War. However, this is somewhat over-simplified. While the nation-state system is considered 'modern', many states have not incorporated the system and are termed 'pre-modern'.
Further, a handful of states have moved beyond insistence on full sovereignty, and can be considered 'post-modern'. The ability of contemporary IR discourse to explain the relations of these different types of states is disputed. 'Levels of analysis' is a way of looking at the international system, which includes the individual level, the domestic state as a unit, the international level of transnational and intergovernmental affairs, and the global level.
What is explicitly recognized as international relations theory was not developed until after World War I, and is dealt with in more detail below. IR theory, however, has a long tradition of drawing on the work of other social sciences. The use of capitalizations of the 'I' and 'R' in international relations aims to distinguish the academic discipline of international relations from the phenomena of international relations. Many cite Sun Tzu's The Art of War (6th century BC), Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War (5th century BC), Chanakya's Arthashastra (4th century BC), as the inspiration for realist theory, with Hobbes' Leviathan and Machiavelli's The Prince providing further elaboration.
Similarly, liberalism draws upon the work of Kant and Rousseau, with the work of the former often being cited as the first elaboration of democratic peace theory.[5] Though contemporary human rights is considerably different from the type of rights envisioned under natural law, Francisco de Vitoria, Hugo Grotius and John Locke offered the first accounts of universal entitlement to certain rights on the basis of common humanity. In the 20th century, in addition to contemporary theories of liberal internationalism, Marxism has been a foundation of international relations.
Study of international relations[edit]
International relations as a distinct field of study began in Britain. IR emerged as a formal academic discipline in 1919 with the founding of the first IR professorship: the Woodrow Wilson Chair at Aberystwyth, University of Wales (now Aberystwyth University),[6] held by Alfred Eckhard Zimmern[7] and endowed by David Davies. Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service is the oldest international relations faculty in the United States, founded in 1919. In the early 1920s, the London School of Economics' department of international relations was founded at the behest of Nobel Peace Prize winner Philip Noel-Baker: this was the first institute to offer a wide range of degrees in the field. This was rapidly followed by establishment of IR at universities in the US and in Geneva, Switzerland. The creation of the posts of Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at LSE and at Oxford gave further impetus to the academic study of international relations. Furthermore, the International History department at LSE developed a focus on the history of IR in the early modern, colonial and Cold War periods.[8]
The first university entirely dedicated to the study of IR was the Graduate Institute of International Studies (now the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies), which was founded in 1927 to form diplomats associated to the League of Nations. The Committee on International Relations at the University of Chicago was the first to offer a graduate degree, in 1928. The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, a collaboration between Tufts University and Harvard, opened its doors in 1933 as the first graduate-only school of international affairs in the United States.[9] In 1965, Glendon College and the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs were the first institutions in Canada to offer an undergraduate and a graduate program in international studies and affairs, respectively. Also in Canada, in 2000, Peter Munk sponsored the formation of the Munk School of Global Affairs, which, with its flagship program the Master of Global Affairs (MGA), considers IR with a particular emphasis on the implications for the private sector. In 2012, Ramon Llull University initiated the first International Relations degree in Barcelona, the favourite city fully in English.
Theory[edit]
Normative theory[edit]
In the academic discipline of international relations, Smith, Baylis & Owens (2008) make the case that the normative position or normative theory is to make the world a better place, and that this theoretical worldview aims to do so by being aware of implicit assumptions and explicit assumptions that constitute a non-normative position and align or position the normative towards the loci of other key socio-political theories such as political liberalism, Marxism, political constructivism, political realism, political idealism and political globalization.[10]
Epistemological theory[edit]
IR theories are roughly divided into one of two epistemological camps: 'positivist' and 'post-positivist'. Positivist theories aim to replicate the methods of the natural sciences by analysing the impact of material forces. They typically focus on features of international relations such as state interactions, size of military forces, balance of powers etc. Post-positivist epistemology rejects the idea that the social world can be studied in an objective and value-free way. It rejects the central ideas of neo-realism/liberalism, such as rational choice theory, on the grounds that the scientific method cannot be applied to the social world and that a 'science' of IR is impossible.
A key difference between the two positions is that while positivist theories, such as neo-realism, offer causal explanations (such as why and how power is exercised), post-positivist theories focus instead on constitutive questions, for instance what is meant by 'power'; what makes it up, how it is experienced and how it is reproduced. Often, post-positivist theories explicitly promote a normative approach to IR, by considering ethics. This is something which has often been ignored under 'traditional' IR as positivist theories make a distinction between 'facts' and normative judgments, or 'values'.
During the late 1980s and the 1990s, debate between positivists and post-positivists became the dominant debate and has been described as constituting the Third 'Great Debate' (Lapid 1989).
Positivist theories[edit]
Realism[edit]
Realism focuses on state security and power above all else. Early realists such as E. H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau argued that states are self-interested, power-seeking rational actors, who seek to maximize their security and chances of survival.[11] Cooperation between states is a way to maximize each individual state's security (as opposed to more idealistic reasons). Similarly, any act of war must be based on self-interest, rather than on idealism. Many realists saw World War II as the vindication of their theory.
Realists argue that the need for survival requires state leaders to distance themselves from traditional morality. Realism taught American leaders to focus on interests rather than on ideology, to seek peace through strength, and to recognize that great powers can coexist even if they have antithetical values and beliefs.[12]
History of the Peloponnesian War, written by Thucydides, is considered a foundational text of the realist school of political philosophy.[13] There is debate over whether Thucydides himself was a realist; Ned Lebow has argued that seeing Thucydides as a realist is a misinterpretation of a more complex political message within his work.[14] Amongst others, philosophers like Machiavelli, Hobbes and Rousseau are considered to have contributed to the Realist philosophy.[15] However, while their work may support realist doctrine, it is not likely that they would have classified themselves as realists in this sense. Political realism believes that politics, like society, is governed by objective laws with roots in human nature. To improve society, it is first necessary to understand the laws by which society lives. The operation of these laws being impervious to our preferences, persons will challenge them only at the risk of failure. Realism, believing as it does in the objectivity of the laws of politics, must also believe in the possibility of developing a rational theory that reflects, however imperfectly and one-sidedly, these objective laws. It believes also, then, in the possibility of distinguishing in politics between truth and opinion—between what is true objectively and rationally, supported by evidence and illuminated by reason, and what is only a subjective judgment, divorced from the facts as they are and informed by prejudice and wishful thinking.
Placing realism under positivism is far from unproblematic however. E. H. Carr's 'What is History' was a deliberate critique of positivism, and Hans Morgenthau's aim in 'Scientific Man vs Power Politics' was to demolish any conception that international politics/power politics can be studied scientifically. Morgenthau's belief in this regard is part of the reason he has been classified as a 'classical realist' rather than a realist.
Major theorists include E. H. Carr, Robert Gilpin, Charles P. Kindleberger, Stephen D. Krasner, Hans Morgenthau, Samuel P. Huntington, Kenneth Waltz, Stephen Walt, and John Mearsheimer.
Liberalism[edit]
According to liberalism, individuals are basically good and capable of meaningful cooperation to promote positive change. Liberalism views states, nongovernmental organizations, and intergovernmental organizations as key actors in the international system. States have many interests and are not necessarily unitary and autonomous, although they are sovereign. Liberal theory stresses interdependence among states, multinational corporations, and international institutions. Theorists such as Hedley Bull have postulated an international society in which various actors communicate and recognize common rules, institutions, and interests. Liberals also view the international system as anarchic since there is no single overarching international authority and each individual state is left to act in its own self-interest. Liberalism is historically rooted in the liberal philosophical traditions associated with Adam Smith and Immanuel Kant that posit that human nature is basically good and that individual self-interest can be harnessed by society to promote aggregate social welfare. Individuals form groups and later, states; states are generally cooperative and tend to follow international norms.[16]
Liberal international relations theory arose after World War I in response to the inability of states to control and limit war in their international relations. Early adherents include Woodrow Wilson and Norman Angell, who argued that states mutually gained from cooperation and that war was so destructive as to be essentially futile.[17]
Liberalism was not recognized as a coherent theory as such until it was collectively and derisively termed idealism by E. H. Carr. A new version of 'idealism' that focused on human rights as the basis of the legitimacy of international law was advanced by Hans Köchler.
Norton ghost 11. Major theorists include Montesquieu, Immanuel Kant, Michael W. Doyle, Francis Fukuyama, and Helen Milner.[18]
Neoliberalism[edit]
Neoliberalism seeks to update liberalism by accepting the neorealist presumption that states are the key actors in international relations, but still maintains that non-state actors (NSAs) and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) matter. Proponents argue that states will cooperate irrespective of relative gains, and are thus concerned with absolute gains. This also means that nations are, in essence, free to make their own choices as to how they will go about conducting policy without any international organizations blocking a nation's right to sovereignty. Neoliberal institutionalism, an approach founded by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, emphasize the important role of international institutions in maintaining an open global trading regime.
Prominent neoliberal institutionalists are John Ikenberry, Robert Keohane, and Joseph Nye.
Regime theory[edit]
Regime theory is derived from the liberal tradition that argues that international institutions or regimes affect the behaviour of states (or other international actors). It assumes that cooperation is possible in the anarchic system of states, indeed, regimes are by definition, instances of international cooperation.
While realism predicts that conflict should be the norm in international relations, regime theorists say that there is cooperation despite anarchy. Often they cite cooperation in trade, human rights and collective security among other issues. These instances of cooperation are regimes. The most commonly cited definition of regimes comes from Stephen Krasner, who defines regimes as 'principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actor expectations converge in a given issue-area'.[19]
Not all approaches to regime theory, however, are liberal or neoliberal; some realist scholars like Joseph Grieco have developed hybrid theories which take a realist based approach to this fundamentally liberal theory. (Realists do not say cooperation never happens, just that it is not the norm; it is a difference of degree).
Post-positivist/reflectivist theories[edit]
Constructivism[edit]
Social constructivism encompasses a broad range of theories that aim to address questions of ontology, such as the structure-and-agency debate, as well as questions of epistemology, such as the 'material/ideational' debate that concerns the relative role of material forces versus ideas. Constructivism is not a theory of IR in the manner of neo-realism, but is instead a social theory which is used to better explain the actions taken by states and other major actors as well as the identities that guide these states and actors.
Constructivism in IR can be divided into what Ted Hopf (1998) calls 'conventional' and 'critical' constructivism. Common to all varieties of constructivism is an interest in the role that ideational forces play. The most famous constructivist scholar, Alexander Wendt, noted in a 1992 article in International Organization —and later in his 1999 book Social Theory of International Politics--that 'anarchy is what states make of it'. By this he means that the anarchical structure that neo-realists claim governs state interaction is in fact a phenomenon that is socially constructed and reproduced by states.
For example, if the system is dominated by states that see anarchy as a life or death situation (what Wendt terms a 'Hobbesian' anarchy) then the system will be characterized by warfare. If on the other hand anarchy is seen as restricted (a 'Lockean' anarchy) then a more peaceful system will exist. Anarchy in this view is constituted by state interaction, rather than accepted as a natural and immutable feature of international life as viewed by neo-realist IR scholars.
Prominent social constructivist IR scholars are Rawi Abdelal, Michael Barnett, Mark Blyth, Martha Finnemore, Ted Hopf, Kathryn Sikkink and Alexander Wendt.
Marxism[edit]
Marxist and Neo-Marxist theories of IR reject the realist/liberal view of state conflict or cooperation; instead focusing on the economic and material aspects. It makes the assumption that the economy trumps other concerns; allowing for the elevation of class as the focus of study. Marxists view the international system as an integrated capitalist system in pursuit of capital accumulation. Thus, colonialism brought in sources for raw materials and captive markets for exports, while decolonialization brought new opportunities in the form of dependence.
A prominent derivative of Marxian thought is critical international relations theory which is the application of 'critical theory' to international relations. Early critical theorists were associated with the Frankfurt School which followed Marx's concern with the conditions that allow for social change and the establishment of rational institutions. Their emphasis on the 'critical' component of theory was derived significantly from their attempt to overcome the limits of positivism. Modern-day proponents such as Andrew Linklater, Robert W. Cox and Ken Booth focus on the need for human emancipation from the nation-state. Hence, it is 'critical' of mainstream IR theories that tend to be both positivist and state-centric.
Further linked in with Marxist theories is dependency theory and the core–periphery model, which argue that developed countries, in their pursuit of power, appropriate developing states through international banking, security and trade agreements and unions on a formal level, and do so through the interaction of political and financial advisors, missionaries, relief aid workers, and MNCs on the informal level, in order to integrate them into the capitalist system, strategically appropriating undervalued natural resources and labor hours and fostering economic and political dependence.
Marxist theories receive little attention in the United States. It is more common in parts of Europe and is one of the more important theoretic contributions of Latin American academia to the study of global networks.[citation needed]
Feminism[edit]
Feminist IR considers the ways that international politics affects and is affected by both men and women and also at how the core concepts that are employed within the discipline of IR (e.g. war, security, etc.) are themselves gendered. Feminist IR has not only concerned itself with the traditional focus of IR on states, wars, diplomacy and security, but feminist IR scholars have also emphasized the importance of looking at how gender shapes the current global political economy. In this sense, there is no clear cut division between feminists working in IR and those working in the area of International Political Economy (IPE). From its inception, feminist IR has also theorized extensively about men and, in particular, masculinities. Many IR feminists argue that the discipline is inherently masculine in nature. For example, in her article 'Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals' Signs (1988), Carol Cohn claimed that a highly masculinized culture within the defence establishment contributed to the divorcing of war from human emotion.
Feminist IR emerged largely from the late 1980s onwards. The end of the Cold War and the re-evaluation of traditional IR theory during the 1990s opened up a space for gendering International Relations. Because feminist IR is linked broadly to the critical project in IR, by and large most feminist scholarship has sought to problematize the politics of knowledge construction within the discipline – often by adopting methodologies of deconstructivism associated with postmodernism/poststructuralism. However, the growing influence of feminist and women-centric approaches within the international policy communities (for example at the World Bank and the United Nations) is more reflective of the liberal feminist emphasis on equality of opportunity for women.
Prominent scholars include Carol Cohn, Cynthia Enloe, Sara Ruddick, and J. Ann Tickner.
International society theory (the English school)[edit]
International society theory, also called the English School, focuses on the shared norms and values of states and how they regulate international relations. Examples of such norms include diplomacy, order, and international law. Unlike neo-realism, it is not necessarily positivist. Theorists have focused particularly on humanitarian intervention, and are subdivided between solidarists, who tend to advocate it more, and pluralists, who place greater value in order and sovereignty. Nicholas Wheeler is a prominent solidarist, while Hedley Bull and Robert H. Jackson are perhaps the best known pluralists.
Leadership theories[edit]
Interest group perspective[edit]
Interest group theory posits that the driving force behind state behaviour is sub-state interest groups. Examples of interest groups include political lobbyists, the military, and the corporate sector. Group theory argues that although these interest groups are constitutive of the state, they are also causal forces in the exercise of state power.
Strategic perspective[edit]
Strategic perspective is a theoretical[citation needed] approach that views individuals as choosing their actions by taking into account the anticipated actions and responses of others with the intention of maximizing their own welfare.
Inherent bad faith model[edit]
The 'inherent bad faith model' of information processing is a theory in political psychology that was first put forth by Ole Holsti to explain the relationship between John Foster Dulles' beliefs and his model of information processing.[20] It is the most widely studied model of one's opponent.[21] A state is presumed to be implacably hostile, and contra-indicators of this are ignored. They are dismissed as propaganda ploys or signs of weakness. Examples are John Foster Dulles' position regarding the Soviet Union, or Israel's initial position on the Palestinian Liberation Organization.[22]
Post-structuralist theories[edit]
Post-structuralism theories of international relations developed in the 1980s from postmodernist studies in political science. Post-structuralism explores the deconstruction of concepts traditionally not problematic in IR (such as 'power' and 'agency') and examines how the construction of these concepts shapes international relations. The examination of 'narratives' plays an important part in poststructuralist analysis; for example, feminist poststructuralist work has examined the role that 'women' play in global society and how they are constructed in war as 'innocent' and 'civilians'. (See also feminism in international relations.) Rosenberg's article 'Why is there no International Historical Sociology'[23] was a key text in the evolution of this strand of international relations theory. Post-structuralism has garnered both significant praise and criticism, with its critics arguing that post-structuralist research often fails to address the real-world problems that international relations studies is supposed to contribute to solving.
Levels of analysis[edit]
Systemic level concepts[edit]
International relations are often viewed in terms of levels of analysis. The systemic level concepts are those broad concepts that define and shape an international milieu, characterized by anarchy. Focusing on the systemic level of international relations is often, but not always, the preferred method for neo-realists and other structuralist IR analysts.
Sovereignty[edit]
Preceding the concepts of interdependence and dependence, international relations relies on the idea of sovereignty. Described in Jean Bodin's 'Six Books of the Commonwealth' in 1576, the three pivotal points derived from the book describe sovereignty as being a state, that the sovereign power(s) have absolute power over their territories, and that such a power is only limited by the sovereign's 'own obligations towards other sovereigns and individuals'.[24] Such a foundation of sovereignty permits, is indicated by a sovereign's obligation to other sovereigns, interdependence and dependence to take place. While throughout world history there have been instances of groups lacking or losing sovereignty, such as African nations prior to Decolonization or the occupation of Iraq during the Iraq War, there is still a need for sovereignty in terms of assessing international relations.
Power[edit]
The concept of Power in international relations can be described as the degree of resources, capabilities, and influence in international affairs. It is often divided up into the concepts of hard power and soft power, hard power relating primarily to coercive power, such as the use of force, and soft power commonly covering economics, diplomacy and cultural influence. However, there is no clear dividing line between the two forms of power.
National interest[edit]
Perhaps the most significant concept behind that of power and sovereignty, national interest is a state's action in relation to other states where it seeks to gain advantage or benefits to itself. National interest, whether aspirational or operational, is divided by core/vital and peripheral/non-vital interests. Core or vital interests constitute the things which a country is willing to defend or expand with conflict such as territory, ideology (religious, political, economic), or its citizens. Peripheral or non-vital are interests which a state is willing to compromise. For example, in the German annexation of the Sudetenland in 1938 (a part of Czechoslovakia) under the Munich Agreement, Czechoslovakia was willing to relinquish territory which was considered ethnically German in order to preserve its own integrity and sovereignty.[25]
Non-state actors[edit]
In the 21st century, the status-quo of the international system is no longer monopolized by states alone. Rather, it is the presence of non-state actors, who autonomously act to implement unpredictable behaviour to the international system. Whether it is transnational corporations, liberation movements, non-governmental agencies, or international organizations, these entities have the potential to significantly influence the outcome of any international transaction. Additionally, this also includes the individual person as while the individual is what constitutes the states collective entity, the individual does have the potential to also create unpredicted behaviours. Al-Qaeda, as an example of a non-state actor, has significantly influenced the way states (and non-state actors) conduct international affairs.[26]
Power blocs[edit]
The existence of power blocs in international relations is a significant factor related to polarity. During the Cold War, the alignment of several nations to one side or another based on ideological differences or national interests has become an endemic feature of international relations. Unlike prior, shorter-term blocs, the Western and Soviet blocs sought to spread their national ideological differences to other nations. Leaders like U.S. President Harry S. Truman under the Truman Doctrine believed it was necessary to spread democracy whereas the Warsaw Pact under Soviet policy sought to spread communism. After the Cold War, and the dissolution of the ideologically homogeneous Eastern bloc still gave rise to others such as the South-South Cooperation movement.[27]
Polarity[edit]
Polarity in international relations refers to the arrangement of power within the international system. The concept arose from bipolarity during the Cold War, with the international system dominated by the conflict between two superpowers, and has been applied retrospectively by theorists. However, the term bipolar was notably used by Stalin who said he saw the international system as a bipolar one with two opposing powerbases and ideologies. Consequently, the international system prior to 1945 can be described as multipolar, with power being shared among Great powers.
The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 had led to unipolarity, with the United States as a sole superpower, although many refuse to acknowledge the fact. China's continued rapid economic growth (in 2010 it became the world's second-largest economy), combined with the respectable international position they hold within political spheres and the power that the Chinese Government exerts over their people (consisting of the largest population in the world), resulted in debate over whether China is now a superpower or a possible candidate in the future. However, China's strategic force unable of projecting power beyond its region and its nuclear arsenal of 250 warheads (compared to 7700 of the United States[28]) mean that the unipolarity will persist in the policy-relevant future.
Several theories of international relations draw upon the idea of polarity. The balance of power was a concept prevalent in Europe prior to the First World War, the thought being that by balancing power blocs it would create stability and prevent war. Theories of the balance of power gained prominence again during the Cold War, being a central mechanism of Kenneth Waltz's Neorealism. Here, the concepts of balancing (rising in power to counter another) and bandwagonning (siding with another) are developed.
Robert Gilpin's Hegemonic stability theory also draws upon the idea of polarity, specifically the state of unipolarity. Hegemony is the preponderance of power at one pole in the international system, and the theory argues this is a stable configuration because of mutual gains by both the dominant power and others in the international system. This is contrary to many neorealist arguments, particularly made by Kenneth Waltz, stating that the end of the Cold War and the state of unipolarity is an unstable configuration that will inevitably change.
The case of Gilpin proved to be correct and Waltz's article titled 'The Stability of a Bipolar World' [29] was followed in 1999 by William Wohlforth's article titled 'The Stability of a Unipolar World'[30]
Waltz's thesis can be expressed in power transition theory, which states that it is likely that a great power would challenge a hegemon after a certain period, resulting in a major war. It suggests that while hegemony can control the occurrence of wars, it also results in the creation of one. Its main proponent, A. F. K. Organski, argued this based on the occurrence of previous wars during British, Portuguese, and Dutch hegemony.
Interdependence[edit]
Many advocate that the current international system is characterized by growing interdependence; the mutual responsibility and dependency on others. Advocates of this point to growing globalization, particularly with international economic interaction. The role of international institutions, and widespread acceptance of a number of operating principles in the international system, reinforces ideas that relations are characterized by interdependence.
Dependency[edit]
Dependency theory is a theory most commonly associated with Marxism, stating that a set of core states exploit a set of weaker periphery states for their prosperity. Various versions of the theory suggest that this is either an inevitability (standard dependency theory), or use the theory to highlight the necessity for change (Neo-Marxist).
Systemic tools of international relations[edit]
- Diplomacy is the practice of communication and negotiation between representatives of states. To some extent, all other tools of international relations can be considered the failure of diplomacy. Keeping in mind, the use of other tools are part of the communication and negotiation inherent within diplomacy. Sanctions, force, and adjusting trade regulations, while not typically considered part of diplomacy, are actually valuable tools in the interest of leverage and placement in negotiations.
- Sanctions are usually a first resort after the failure of diplomacy, and are one of the main tools used to enforce treaties. They can take the form of diplomatic or economic sanctions and involve the cutting of ties and imposition of barriers to communication or trade.
- War, the use of force, is often thought of as the ultimate tool of international relations. A popular definition is that given by Carl von Clausewitz, with war being 'the continuation of politics by other means'. There is a growing study into 'new wars' involving actors other than states. The study of war in international relations is covered by the disciplines of 'war studies' and 'strategic studies'.
- The mobilization of international shame can also be thought of as a tool of international relations. This is attempting to alter states' actions through 'naming and shaming' at the international level. This is mostly done by the large human rights NGOs such as Amnesty International (for instance when it called Guantanamo Bay a 'Gulag'),[31] or Human Rights Watch. A prominent use of was the UN Commission on Human Rights 1235 procedure, which publicly exposes state's human rights violations. The current UN Human Rights Council has yet to use this mechanism
- The allotment of economic and/or diplomatic benefits such as the European Union's enlargement policy; candidate countries are only allowed to join if they meet the Copenhagen criteria.
- The mutual exchange of ideas, information, art, music and language among nations through cultural diplomacy has also been recognized by governments as an important tool in the development of international relations.[32][33][34][35]
Unit-level concepts in international relations[edit]
As a level of analysis the unit level is often referred to as the state level, as it locates its explanation at the level of the state, rather than the international system.
Regime type[edit]
It is often considered that a state's form of government can dictate the way that a state interacts with others in the international relation.
Democratic peace theory is a theory that suggests that the nature of democracy means that democratic countries will not go to war with each other. The justifications for this are that democracies externalize their norms and only go to war for just causes, and that democracy encourages mutual trust and respect.
Communism justifies a world revolution, which similarly would lead to peaceful coexistence, based on a proletarian global society.
Revisionism/status quo[edit]
States can be classified by whether they accept the international status quo, or are revisionist—i.e., want change. Revisionist states seek to fundamentally change the rules and practices of international relations, feeling disadvantaged by the status quo. They see the international system as a largely western creation which serves to reinforce current realities. Japan is an example of a state that has gone from being a revisionist state to one that is satisfied with the status quo, because the status quo is now beneficial to it.
Religion[edit]
Religion can have an effect on the way a state acts within the international system. Different theoretical perspectives treat it in somewhat different fashion. One dramatic example is the Thirty Years' War (1618–48) that ravaged much of Europe. Religion is visible as an organizing principle particularly for Islamic states, whereas secularism sits at the other end of the spectrum, with the separation of state and religion being responsible for the liberal international relations theory. Events since the September 11 attacks in the United States, the role of Islam in terrorism, and the strife in the Middle East have made it a major topic. There are many different types of religions. One being Confucianism, which is China's major world view (Alexander, 1998).[36]
Individual or sub-unit level concepts[edit]
The level beneath the unit (state) level can be useful both for explaining factors in international relations that other theories fail to explain, and for moving away from a state-centric view of international relations.[37]
- Psychological factors in international relations – Evaluating psychological factors in international relations comes from the understanding that a state is not a 'black box' as proposed by realism, and that there may be other influences on foreign policy decisions. Examining the role of personalities in the decision making process can have some explanatory power, as can the role of misperception between various actors. A prominent application of sub-unit level psychological factors in international relations is the concept of Groupthink, another is the propensity of policymakers to think in terms of analogies.
- Bureaucratic politics – Looks at the role of the bureaucracy in decision making, and sees decisions as a result of bureaucratic in-fighting, and as having been shaped by various constraints.
- Religious, ethnic, and secessionist groups – Viewing these aspects of the sub-unit level has explanatory power with regards to ethnic conflicts, religious wars, transnational diaspora (diaspora politics) and other actors which do not consider themselves to fit with the defined state boundaries. This is particularly useful in the context of the pre-modern world of weak states.
- Science, technology and international relations – How science and technology impact global health, business, environment, technology, and development.
- International political economy, and economic factors in international relations[38]
- International political culturology – Looks at how culture and cultural variables impact in international relations[39][40][41]
- Personal relations between leaders[42]
Institutions in international relations[edit]
International institutions form a vital part of contemporary international relations. Much interaction at the system level is governed by them, and they outlaw some traditional institutions and practices of international relations, such as the use of war (except in self-defence).
Generalist inter-state organizations[edit]
United Nations[edit]
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization that describes itself as a 'global association of governments facilitating co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity'; It is the most prominent international institution. Many of the legal institutions follow the same organizational structure as the UN.
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation[edit]
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is an international organization consisting of 57 member states. The organisation attempts to be the collective voice of the Muslim world (Ummah) and attempts to safeguard the interests and ensure the progress and well-being of Muslims.
Other[edit]
Other generalist inter-state organizations include:
Economic institutions[edit]
International legal bodies[edit]
Introduction To International Relations Pdf
Human rights[edit]
Legal[edit]
Regional security arrangements[edit]
See also[edit]
Notes and references[edit]
International Relations Pdf Free Books
- ^François Modoux, 'La Suisse engagera 300 millions pour rénover le Palais des Nations', Le Temps, Friday 28 June 2013, page 9. (in French)
- ^'International Relation', Columbia Encyclopedia (1993) pp.000–0000.
- ^Barry Buzan, Richard Little. International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations. published 2000
- ^Stéphane Beaulac: 'The Westphalian Model in defining International Law: Challenging the Myth', Australian Journal of Legal History Vol. 9 (2004), [1]; Krasner, Stephen D.: 'Westphalia and all that' in Judith Goldstein & Robert Keohane (eds): Ideas and Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1993), pp.235–264
- ^'Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy'. Stanford press. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
- ^'Aberystwyth University – Department of International Politics'. www.aber.ac.uk.
- ^Abadía, Adolfo A. (2015). 'Del liberalismo al neo-realismo. Un debate en torno al realismo clásico'. Telos. Revista de Estudios Interdisciplinarios en Ciencias Sociales (in Spanish). 17 (3): 438–459. ISSN1317-0570.
- ^Carlsnaes, Walter; et al., eds. (2012). Handbook of International Relations. SAGE Publications. pp. 1–28. ISBN9781446265031. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
- ^Fletcher History. http://fletcher.tufts.edu/About/Fletcher-History
- ^ISBN9780199297771, Fourth edition, pp.2–13
- ^Morganthau, Hans (1978). Politics Among Nations: The struggle for Power and Peace. New York. pp. 4–15. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
- ^Baylis, John (2011). The Globalization of World Politics. Oxford University Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN978-0-19-956909-0.
- ^Norris, Cochrane, Charles (1929). Thucydides and the Science of History. Oxford University Press. p. 179.
- ^Lebow, Richard Ned (2001). 'Thucydides the Constructivist'. The American Political Science Review. 95 (3): 547–560. doi:10.1017/S0003055401003112. JSTOR3118232.
- ^Baylis, John; Smith, Steve (2001). The globalization of world politics : an introduction to international relations (2. ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 149. ISBN978-0198782636.
- ^Mingst, Karen A., & Arreguín-Toft, Ivan M. (2011). Essentials of International Relations (5th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
- ^Wilson, Woodrow. 'History Learning site'. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
- ^Mingst, Karen A., & Snyder, Jack L. (2011). Essential Readings in World Politics (4th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
- ^Krasner, Stephen D., ed. 1983. 'Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables.' In International Regimes, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 1.
- ^Stuart, Douglas; Starr, Harvey (1981). 'The 'Inherent Bad Faith Model' Reconsidered: Dulles, Kennedy, and Kissinger'. Political Psychology. 3 (3/4): 1–33. doi:10.2307/3791139. JSTOR3791139.
- ^'..the most widely studied is the inherent bad faith model of one’s opponent..', The handbook of social psychology, Volumes 1-2, edited by Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, Gardner Lindzey
- ^'..the most widely studied is the inherent bad faith model of one's opponent', The handbook of social psychology, Volumes 1–2, edited by Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, Gardner Lindzey
- ^Rosenberg, Justin (2006). 'Why is There No International Historical Sociology?'. European Journal of International Relations. 12 (3): 307–340. doi:10.1177/1354066106067345. ISSN1354-0661.
- ^p. 13, N. Oluwafemi Mimiko. 'Globalization: The Politics of Global Economic Relations and International Business.' Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 2012.
- ^p. 17-20, N. Oluwafemi Mimiko. 'Globalization: The Politics of Global Economic Relations and International Business.' Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 2012.
- ^pp. 14–15, N. Oluwafemi Mimiko. 'Globalization: The Politics of Global Economic Relations and International Business.' Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 2012.
- ^pp. 15–16, N. Oluwafemi Mimiko. 'Globalization: The Politics of Global Economic Relations and International Business.' Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 2012.
- ^Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country
- ^Daedalus, 93/3: (1964), 881–909
- ^International Security, 24/1: (1999), 5–41
- ^'Error – Amnesty International'. www.amnesty.org.
- ^Music, Art and Diplomacy East-West cultural Interactions and the Cold War Editors: Siom Mukkonen & Pekka Suutari. Ashgate Books, 2016 See Introduction & Chapter 1 – Introduction to the Logic of East-West Artistic Interactions -Cultural Diplomacy on books.google.com
- ^The History of United States Cultural Diplomacy – 1770 to the Present Micahael L. Krenn. Bloomsbury Academic, New York 2017 ISBN978-1-4725-0860-7 p. 1-8 Introduction
- ^Searching for a Cultural Diplomacy Editors: Jessica C. E. Gienow-Hecht & Mark C. Donfried. Berghahn Books , Oxford 2010 ISBN978-1-845-45-746-4 p. 3-13 Introduction – cultural diplomacy (around the world before and during the cold war) on google.books
- ^Cultural Diplomacy: Beyond the National Interest? Editors: Len Ang, Yudhishthir Raj Isar, Philip Mar. Routledge, UK 2016 Chapter 1 – Cultural Diplomacy- Beyond the National Interest? on google.books.com
- ^Snyder, ed., Jack (2011). Religion and International Relations Theory. Columbia University Press. pp. 1–23. ISBN9780231153386. Retrieved 2016-02-24.CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
- ^Morin, Jean-Frederic and Jonathan Paquin, Foreign Policy Analysis: A Toolbox, Palgrave, 2018.
- ^E.g., Donald Markwell, John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace, Oxford University Press, 2006. Donald Markwell, Keynes and International Economic and Political Relations, Trinity Paper 33, Trinity College, University of Melbourne.
- ^Fabrice Rivault, (1999) Culturologie Politique Internationale : Une approche systémique et matérialiste de la culture et du système social global, McGill Dissertation, Montréal, publiée par Culturology Press
- ^Xintian, Yu (2005) 'Cultural Factors In International Relations', Chinese Philosophical Studies. Archived 2010-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
- ^Xintian, Yu (2009),'Combining Research on Cultural Theory and International Relations'
- ^'US-Russian relations: Demanding equal treatment – Russia Beyond the Headlines'.
Bibliography[edit]
- Carlsnaes, Walter; et al., eds. (2012). Handbook of International Relations. SAGE Publications. ISBN9781446265031. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
- Dyvik, Synne L., Jan Selby and Rorden Wilkinson, eds. What's the Point of International Relations (2017)
- Reus-Smit, Christian, and Duncan Snidal, eds. The Oxford Handbook of International Relations (2010)
Theory[edit]
- Norman AngellThe Great Illusion (London: Heinemann, 1910)
- Hedley BullAnarchical Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977)
- Robert CooperThe Post-Modern State
- Enloe, Cynthia. 'Gender' Is Not Enough: The Need for a Feminist Consciousness'. International Affairs 80.1 (2004): 95–97. Web. 17 Sept. 2013.
- Goodin, Robert E., and Hans-Dieter Klingemann, eds. A New Handbook of Political Science (1998) ch 16–19 pp 401–78
- Charlotte Hooper 'Masculinities, IR and the 'Gender Variable': A Cost-Benefit Analysis for (Sympathetic) Gender Sceptics.' International Studies 25.3 (1999): 475–491.
- Andrew HurrellOn Global Order: Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society (Oxford University Press, 2008). https://global.oup.com/academic/product/on-global-order-9780199233113?cc=us&lang=en&
- Robert KeohaneAfter Hegemony
- Hans Köchler, Democracy and the International Rule of Law. Vienna/New York: Springer, 1995
- Andrew LinklaterMen and citizens in the theory of international relations
- Donald MarkwellJohn Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
- Reinhold NiebuhrMoral Man and Immoral Society 1932
- Joseph NyeSoft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, Public Affairs Ltd 2004
- Paul RaskinThe Great Transition Today: A Report from the Future
- J. Ann TicknerGender in International Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992).
- Kenneth WaltzMan, the State, and War
- Kenneth WaltzTheory of International Politics (1979), examines the foundation of By Bar
- Michael WalzerJust and Unjust Wars 1977
- Alexander WendtSocial Theory of International Politics 1999
- J. Martin Rochester Fundamental Principles of International Relations (Westview Press, 2010)
- An Introduction to International Relations Theory
- James C. Hsiang Anarchy & Order: The Interplay of Politics and Law in International Relations 1555875718, 9781555875718 Lynne Rienner Pub 1997
Textbooks[edit]
- Baylis, John, Steve Smith, and Patricia Owens. The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (2011)
- Mingst, Karen A., and Ivan M. Arreguín-Toft. Essentials of International Relations (5th ed. 2010)
- Nau, Henry R. Perspectives on International Relations: Power, Institutions, Ideas (2008)
- Roskin, Michael G., and Nicholas O. Berry. IR: The New World of International Relations (8th ed. 2009)
- Alexander, F. (1998). Encyclopedia of World History. New York: Oxford University Press.
History of international relations[edit]
International Relations Jobs
- Beaulac, Stéphane. 'The Westphalian Model in defining International Law: Challenging the Myth', Australian Journal of Legal History Vol. 9 (2004).
- Black, Jeremy. A History of Diplomacy (2010)
- Calvocoressi, Peter. World Politics since 1945 (9th Edition, 2008) 956pp
- E. H. CarrTwenty Years Crisis (1940), 1919–39
- Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500–2000 (1987), stress on economic and military factors
- Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy (1995), not a memoir but an interpretive history of international diplomacy since the late 18th century
- Krasner, Stephen D.: 'Westphalia and All That' in Judith Goldstein & Robert Keohane (eds): Ideas and Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1993), pp. 235–264
- New Cambridge Modern History (13 vol 1957–79), thorough coverage from 1500 to 1900
- Ringmar, Erik. History of International Relations Open Textbook Project, Cambridge: Open Book, forthcoming.
- Schroeder, Paul W. The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 (Oxford History of Modern Europe) (1994) 920pp; history and analysis of major diplomacy
- Taylor, A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 (1954) (Oxford History of Modern Europe) 638pp; history and analysis of major diplomacy
External links[edit]
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